Ethno Nationalist Terrorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Ethno Nationalist Terrorism - Essay Example The main Palestine groups employing terrorism as a means of achieving their goals and strategic objectives in the region currently include Hamas, most notably its military wing – Al-Qassam Brigades – and Fatah’s Al-Aqsa Martyrs’ Brigades. The Israeli Government counter-terrorist organizational framework includes the Israeli Police, ISA, Mossad and IDF (Ganor 2005). International human rights organizations, like Amnesty International for instance, blame IDF for a number of war crimes and violations of human rights during their offensives in the Gaza Strip (Amnesty International, 2015). Inasmuch as the primary method of attacks employed by Hamas and other Palestinian militant groups is rocket-firing mainly into Israel, the range of targets is vast, including civilians, army and police personnel as well as infrastructure and build environment. According to IDF, civilian and public buildings, including schools and hospitals are used by Hamas as command centers and/or weapons depots (Amnesty International, 2015). Being aimed at the achievement of the main political goals, these attacks are commonly associated with the Palestinian grievances and discontent (see Oberschall, 2004). A significant attempt at conflict resolution, besides the peace treaties between Israel and Egypt in 1979, and Israel and Jordan in1994, was the so-called Oslo Accord (Gelvin, 2014). Despite the transfer of control over the Gaza Strip and West Bank to autonomous Palestinian rule, thus being considered an unprecedented breakthrough, the Oslo Accord failed to achieve both the fundamental goal of permanently appeasing the region and creating an independent Palestinian state (Selby, 2003). As Oberschall (2004) points out, denying political opportunity, safe bases for terrorist operations, and alleviation of poverty and socio-economic inequities would

The Peculiarities of Literacy Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Peculiarities of Literacy Education - Essay Example With computer technology text messages and images can move around the screen, produce music and movements, can freeze and navigate images and therefore in this way readers not only adopt the visual image but transform it, in this way, therefore, young people are using computers to construct their own meanings and also adapting to new forms.3 However print text is also important in developing the children's burgeoning development of literacy, there are certain prescribed practices that accompany each type of text, there is a rule that is embedded in each type of text and that the most important thing is to isolate and understand the different practices and the tacit understanding of the children in different subject, hence we must not concentrate purely on the linguistic but also on the multimodal. Children are dealing with greater network of meaning and the literacy curriculum need to match that in order for them to be set for the future, there is a difference between the literacy's children are learning at home and at the literacy class, this differences must be learnt and explored because children feel the differences between the literacy classes and the plugin technology and therefore there is need to help them accept the different literacy experiences in their lives. The text children enjoy at home are electronic, therefore the choice of text in the literacy class need to reflect the multimodality seen in websites by the children in order to appeal their reading behaviour, this would include novels, biographies, columns and poems from best writers that enrich the lives of our students. Further, the texts that touch on the emotional and intellect of readers are likely to move them into a greater depth of understanding. The use of technology, therefore, need to be viewed as the way in which students gain more knowledge and become literate, there is need to incorporate technology and using texts that appeal the reading habits of students, there is also the need to match the differences between the literacy classes and the plug-in technology. Teachers need to redefine reading in a way that it will embrace the interest and the needs of students, Booth outlined twelve steps in which teachers need to revolutionize the way they encourage children to read and this include; redefining what reading means, including comics and magazines in reading programs, including stories in programs because a story is the heart of literacy, helping the students through building strong reading muscles, valuing the responses of students, viewing writing as literacy, recognising the different stage and ages of students, focusing on literacy in every subject, welcoming young people into literacy culture, exploring how words work, understanding that technology is part of literacy and finally turning printed texts into active learning.     

Fetal Pig Dissection Essay Example for Free

Fetal Pig Dissection Essay -Three pairs of exocrine glands in the mouth that secrete saliva; the parotid, submandibular (sub maxillary), and sublingual glands The parotid is the largest and most easily visible of all the salivary glands. The sunbmaxillary is bean shaped and located under the bigger parotid gland. The submandibular gland lies near the jaw line. Glottis -The opening between the vocal cords at the upper part of the larynx. The epiglottis is what covers the glottis during swallowing, to block food/water form getting in the trachea. Epiglottis -The function of the epiglottis in a pig is to prevent food from going into the trachea. Epiglottis is attached to the entrance of the larynx and is made of elastic cartilage. The epiglottis projects up through the soft palate into a region called the nasopharynx Thymus Gland -Gland located near the heart; produces several hormones which stimulate development of cells important in immmunity Thyroid Gland -Endocrine gland located below the voice box; it produces hormones which control metabolism. The thyroid gland is darker and lies between the posterior ends of the two lobes of the thymus gland. Esophagus -Muscular tube that moves food from the pharynx to the stomach. The esophagus is dorsal to the trachea. Vocal Chords Lungs -To breathe, oxygenize blood Bronchi At end of trachea, branches for air to enter lungs. Stomach Digests food, breaks it down Small Intestine Finishes digestion, absorbs nutrients, moves food to large intestine Large Intestine Larger tubular structure that receives the liquid waste products of digestion, reabsorbs water and minerals, and forms and stores feces for defecation Rectum A short tube at the end of the large intestine where waste material is compressed into a solid form before being eliminated; straight, posterior part of large intestine Cecum The cecum houses a large number of bacteria that help in digestion of plant materials, mostly cellulose, that remains undigested in the stomach and small intestine. Appendix Evolutionary remains of a larger cecum Anus It allows the pig to release waste Liver Organ that makes bile to break down fats; also filters poisons and drugs out of the blood Pancreas Gland that produces hormones that regulate blood sugar; produces enzymes that break down carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids; and produces sodium bicarbonate, a base that neutralizes stomach acid Spleen Organ near the stomach that produces, stores, and eliminates blood cells

Organisational Culture and Structure on Business Performance

Organisational Culture and Structure on Business Performance The success of a business depends on its management. Without management it is not possible to run or manage a business or anything else. In regard to managing businesses and associated behaviour the field of management behaviour has originated. Management behaviour is about making decisions. It helps people and businesses to concentrate on their goals and business objectives (Baligh 2006). Nowadays almost all businesses are involved in the practice of management behaviour that will be discussed here in this paper with the consideration of its different aspects. The paper will include an analysis of the effects of structure and culture on business performance. Additionally, it will also include a discussion of changes that have occurred in management in last 40 years and that may occur in next 40 years. In the end, the skill set required by an individual to operate at management level will also be discussed. Organisational structure and culture are significantly related to each other and make effects on business performance. For understanding the effects of culture and structure on business performance it is essential to understand organisational culture, structure and business performance (Ryall Craig 2003). Organisational structure is a formal system of work roles and authorities relations that determine how associates and managers work together with one other. It is a pattern of relationships among different organisational positions. With the help of structure it becomes easy to define the process of management (Clayton Fisher n.d.). It also assists with a framework of order and command that directs mangers in planning, organizing, directing and controlling different organisational activities. Organisational culture refers to the values shared by organisation managers and associates. It includes shared assumptions, beliefs, values, norms and language patterns (Ryall Craig 2003). In addition to structure and culture business performance is the ability of a firm to attain its goals by making an effective use of its resources. All these aspects are interrelated to each other and also include several factors that affect individual performance in the workplace (Orna 1999). Structure and culture are the key elements in an organisations success. If an organisation operates by concentrating on these aspects, it becomes easy to attract consumers and increasing competition. Whether a firm is small or large in its size, its effectiveness depends on how it is structure (Daft 2009). This organisational structure gets developed under the influence of the culture that in turn influences a firms ability to implement changes effectively. If a firm is able to maintain an effective culture, it becomes able to develop well-planned organisational structure that makes it easy for business managers to implement changes and attain success. Organizational structure exercises within an organizational culture, but it is interrelated (Ryall Craig 2003). Organizational culture pertains to a broader view that includes number of small organisational issues and aspects (Harris Hartman 2001). On the other hand, organisational structure refers to the infrastructure, and the number of methods and practices employed within that infrastructure (Clayton Fisher n.d.). All the methods and practices assist an organisations culture to operate with the competence and consistency. In modern era organisations are evaluated on the basis of their culture and structure that need to be managed critically. Structure is an integral part of an organisation culture as it primarily deal with the establishment of culture that in turn motivates employees to work effectively in the direction of organisational goals (Orna 1999). If a firm is not able to integrate its structure with culture it would not become able to encourage its employees to take initiatives and implement changes successfully that are critical for its effective performance (Baligh 2006). Organisation culture involves several issues like how management works, which particular obligations supervisors have and how a complaint or issues can be passed through different organisational levels. All these issues related to culture are directly associated to how a firms organisational structure works. In addition to this, there are also several other issues related to culture that can only be resolved through an effective organisational structure (Clayton Fisher n.d.). For effective performance of business it is vital to resolve these issue as otherwise it would not be possible to attain determined profit goals and objectives. Another significant way to describe the interrelationship between structure and culture and their effect on business performance is to identify that how structure works. Organisational structure allows formation of different interrelated groups that are allowed to operate smoothly with specific role and authorities (Orna 1999). This framework or teams allows effective communication and coordination that builds a healthy culture and motivates employees to work in the direction of organisation goals attainment (Jumpponen, Ikà ¤valko Pihkala 2008). Structure defines the roles and responsibilities of every individual and their interrelation to serve customers. This clear roles and responsibilities increases effective communication and coordination between organisation tasks and jobs that facilitates in developing a positive culture in which everyone works with association and participation (Clayton Fisher n.d.). All these aspects significantly help managers in attaining organisation mission and vision. Changes occurred in Management over the last 40 Years According to senior level employees who are about to retire, it is believed that over the last 40 years several changes have occurred in management and this could be interpreted with the help of evolution of different organisational and motivational theories used by organisations. Previously in regard to management, organisations used to adopt scientific and bureaucratic approach that in present has been replaced by system theory and contingency approaches (Luthans 1998). Previously all organisations used to motivate its employees on the basis of Maslow-Need hierarchy that in present is replaced by McClelland theory and several other theories. Before 40 years, all employees were only responsible for handling their specific tasks but nowadays situation has changed a lot as in present employees are responsible for planning, organizing, staffing, leading and controlling (McKenna 2000). In old times, it was not essential to play multi-purpose role that in present has become critical for effective management. In past, almost all organizations used to Webers concept of bureaucratic structures but the increased complexity of multinational organizations has now created the requirement of a new structures like functional, project management, matrix and virtual (Luthans 1998). In addition to structure, several other new aspects have emerged in regard to management like different strategy levels, system approach to decision-making, socialization, departmentation, and different leadership theories etc (Harris Hartman 2001). All these concepts were not there in past for managing businesses but now scenario has changed completely as every business has its own specific needs and requirements and all of them select different management approaches according to their suitability (Jumpponen, Ikà ¤valko Pihkala 2008). In past almost all firms or businesses used to operate with empirical or case approach but now it is not the situation as firms operate with different approaches as competition has increased a lot and it has become difficult to attract customers. In regard to increased competition, the companies are making use of different management approaches. Some present firms are using system approach that considers organisations to be open system whereas some of them are making use of operational approach that endeavours to develop the science and theory of management by drawing upon the concepts, knowledge, techniques from other fields (Luthans 1998). In between these two approaches there are several other approaches that were used throughout last 40 years. In this way, it can be said that the business environment has changed significantly from the time when present senior level managers started working (McKenna 2000). All present senior level managers commit that they have seen several changes in the process of management but all these changes are based on the altering situations, trends and emerging technologies (Harris Hartman 2001). Changes likely to occur in Management in coming 40 Years In regard to the discussion of the changes occurred in management in last 40 years, it can be stated that it is also likely to change in next 40 years. In present almost every aspects of business and its management are changing that will also continue to alter in coming years. An individual who is about to start his career in present 21st century is exposed with significant challenges and is likely to confront several other key changes (Pappas 2006). In present employees are required to play several roles like interpersonal, information and decision making roles but in coming time employees will be required to operate in virtual environment. Presently employees are making use of advanced systems, discussion, meetings to collect information and perform their duties but in future they could do all these things in a virtual environment (Luthans 1998). As well, employees who are about to start their professional career will also confront changes in their roles, levels of management, communication, business strategy, approaches to management and tools used to manage business related aspects (Jumpponen, Ikà ¤valko Pihkala 2008). The pattern of communication and business management followed till now will substantially changes in coming 40 years. From last half decade the electronic mail has emerged as a key element of corporate communication but in coming years it will also change. In coming years, the management of communication will also change in regard to the change in organisational structures and cultures (Harris Hartman 2001). The employees will be exposed to make use of powerful information-management and collaboration tools that are likely to emerge. With these tools, employees will become able to link associated messages and track message flows more expeditiously (Pappas 2006). As well, it is also believed that the automatic language translation will take foot hold and interconnected messaging will appropriate young employees and managers with a facility to check e-mail, mobile messaging, voice mail, and fax machine from an only inbox (Fast Forward: 25 Trends That Will Change the Way You Do Business 2003). In regard to the changes in communication and business management, it can be said that in coming 40 years most of the employees will depend more on computers rather than their own evaluations or perceptions. More and more softwares will be employed for different jobs and roles that will increase human capabilities (McKenna 2000). In next 40 years, it is likely that the firms and its employees will growingly make use of artificial intelligence to solve different business problems and the pattern of doing work will also change as everyone will be allowed to operate in a virtual environment (Fast Forward: 25 Trends That Will Change the Way You Do Business 2003). Skills Set Required to Work at Management level Working at management level is not as easy as it seems because it involves different skill sets and an ability to involve in team work and group. Nowadays managers are responsible for different roles that cannot be fulfilled if they operate on their own without communicating and coordinating with others. A manager is responsible for performing five functions that are planning, organizing, staffing, leading and controlling (Drucker 2007). In addition to this, a manager is also required to interact with many people both within the organisation and outside the organisation and hence perform interpersonal roles (Montana Charnov 2000). For effective interactions and management it is vital to have an ability to communicate, understand, listen, interpret, convince and lead others. If an individual have all these skills and abilities then he can effectively interact with organisations internal as well as external customers and associates. With these skills, a manager can easily play interpersonal roles that may be of figurehead, leader and liaison (Drucker 2007). With the above discussed skills a manager also become able to perform his informational (recipient, disseminator, and spokesperson) and decision roles (entrepreneurs, disturbance handle, resource allocator and negotiator). In addition to these skills several other skills are also required by an individual to operate at management levels that are as follows: Technical Skills: Technical skills pertain to the ability of an individual to perform specific activity. In order to perform specific activity an individual should have all-essential knowledge of methods, processes and procedures as otherwise it would not be possible to carry out given task or duty (Atwood 2008). This could also be understood with the help of examples of some positions like engineers, accountants, computer specialists and project managers who have necessary technical skills for their specialized fields. These skills are essential for an individual to operate at management level as he may also be given responsibility to manage and evaluate others. Without technical skills, it would not be possible for an individual to operate at management level that includes functions like planning, organizing, staffing, leading and controlling (Pride, Hughes Kapoor 2009). Human Skills: Human skills required by an individual to operate at management level are also known as interpersonal skills. It refers to the ability of an individual to work well with other people in a group or team. It refers to the ability of an individual to direct, motivate and communicate with people to help them to attain given objectives (Drucker 2007). These skills are highly important for a person in regard to the creation of an environment in which everyone feels comfortable, free to communicate and share their opinions. This kind of environment can only be create when a manager have human skills. With human skills, a manager can help its employees throughout their interactions with supervisors, peers and people outside the work like customers, suppliers and public. These skills are imperative for an individual to operate at all management levels of an organisation (Montana Charnov 2000). Conceptual Skills: Conceptual skills mean the ability of an individual to think and conceptualize abstract situations. It refers to the ability to comprehend and match up all essential corporate objectives and activities. These skills are critically required when a person is employed at top management level as top managers are highly required to predict changes and see big picture in regard to future (Montana Charnov 2000). Top managers are required to interpret present internal and external changes and trends for the identification of future business strategies. Without conceptual skills an individual cannot operate at management level as it is essential to identify meaning and develop business strategies accordingly (Drucker 2007). The significance of this skill set can also be understood in regard to present competition that requires managers to make appropriate interpretations and appropriate business plans and strategies accordingly. Design Skills: In addition to technical, human and conceptual skills an individual who is going to work at management level is also required to have design skills. Design skills refer to an individuals ability to identify solutions of problems in a way that can significantly benefit organisation. Having the design skills is essential for individuals that are going to operate at management level as at this level there is a critical need of solution rather than just identifying problems (Montana Charnov 2000). Until or unless an individual is not able to propose solutions of different organisational problems with his design skills, he would not be appropriate to work at management level. Conclusion With the help of above discussion, it can be said that management behaviour is an important practice that should be followed by all organisations for attaining an assured success. With the considerations of management related aspects like structure, culture and their interrelationship, affect on business performance a firm can become able to attain high profits and increased performance (Montana Charnov 2000). As well, the evaluation of changes occurred in management in last 40 years and the changes that can occur in coming 40 years is also quite effective as it directs present companies with all essential changes that they should follow for attaining their aims and objectives. Additionally, the identification of skill set required for an individual to operate at management level is also critical as with this a firm can hire or develop employees accordingly. An appropriate skills set is essential to effectively work at management level.

Impact of the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill on USA’s Environment and Econ

Depleting reserves, high oil prices and spectacular offshore discoveries concentrated a global attention to deep water (National Geographic, p.3). Joel and Bourne (2010) claim â€Å"the Gulf of Mexico now accounts for 30 percent of U.S. production, with half of that coming from deep water (1,000 to 4,999 feet)†. The U.S. government roughly calculated that the deep Gulf might contain 45 billion barrels of oil (NG, p.44). Hence, this fact gave new reasons for oil companies to drill oil wells in that region. The Minerals Management Service (MMS), the national agency that administrated offshore drilling, used to claim that the possibilities of blowout were less than one percent, and that if one did happen, it would not release much oil (National Geographic, Joel.K, Bourne, JR. The deep dilemma, October,2010, vol.218., no4, p.42). But an explosive blowout of the Maconda well that occurred in late April contradicts MMS’s statement. Since Deepwater Horizon rig explosion cause d the most serious accidental marine oil spill in history and instantly acquired major political, environmental and economic importance (Robertson and Krauss 2010). According to Deepwater Horizon Accident Investigation Report, a well control incident allowed hydrocarbons to escape from the Macondo well onto Deepwater Horizon oil rig, causing explosions and fire on the rig. The fire proceeded for thirty-six hours until the rig sank (Deepwater Horizon Accident Investigation Report). For approximately three months, hydrocarbons escaped from the container through the blowout preventers and the wellbore, resulting in a spill of national significance (Deepwater Horizon Accident Investigation Report). Worse still, eleven workers died, 205.8 million gallons of oil gushed into th... ...ng years of failed efforts to recover from past destruction. To accomplish its restoration is the most principal challenge now encountering Gulf despite years of unsuccessful approaches to recover from previous damages. According to Cohen’s (1986) oil spillage damage statistics, the environmental impact from the 5 million barrels of oil spilled by the Deepwater Horizon is to exceed $1.5 billion, nevertheless according to Helton and Penn (1999) is to be approximately $13.6 billion (Cohen 2011). Mentioned statistics exclude clean up costs or compensation to private parties that have incurred economic losses (Cohen 2011). Applying the ExxonValdez per gallon estimates to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill would provide an impact estimate varying in value from $105 billion to $239 billion—a figure that includes both environmental impact and economic impact (Cohen 2011).

Fairies :: essays research papers

FAIRIES ARE EVERYWHERE!   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fairies are magical creatures, usually very much like human beings. But they can do many things that humans cannot do. Most fairies can make themselves invisible. Many can travel in an instant anywhere they want to go, even very great distances. Some can change their shapes; they might look like cats, or birds, or dogs, or any other animal. Some of them live for many hundreds of years; others (Like with Tinker Bell From Peter Pan) live forever. Many fairies like to play tricks on human beings; others like to help them. Fairies come in all sizes and shapes as well. They might be ugly, humpbacked little creatures, like the trolls or gnomes that the people tell about in Denmark, Sweden, and Germany. Both trolls and gnomes are supposed to guard treasures. Trolls live in dark caves, and gnomes make their homes underground. Some fairies are handsome, for example, the pixies of Wales, or the goldenhaired white elves of the Scandinavian countries. Some fairies are giants, others are less than two feet tall. Some have special shapes. Example are mermaids and mermen, human above the waist but with the lower part of their bodies like fish. They live in an underwater world of splendor. Beautiful mermaids often lure sailors to their destruction, or cause shipwrecks. The Scandinavians believed in a river spirit that looked like a man above the water and like a horse below.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Most fairies live in fairyland, where some strange things are ALWAYS happening. They live together ruled by a king and queen, whose names are Oberon and Titania. Some people think that the ruler of Fairyland is Queen Mab.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Not all fairies live in fairyland, however. Some live alone as the guardians of certain places. The Lorelei of Germany is a beautiful woman with long golden hair. She stays on a special rock on the right bank of the Rhine River.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many kinds of fairies like to play tricks on human beings. Sometimes they tie knots in the manes of horses at night, and ride them till the horses are tired out. A horseshoe nailed to the stable door will keep these fairies away. If the maid is lazy and does not clean the house carefully, the fairies will pinch her while she sleeps. The pixies of Wales are especially troublesome to human beings. Some pixies lead travelers the wrong way. Others call to a lost person in the voice of his friend. When he follows the voices, he finds nobody there. The pixies like to hid things in houses, and to blow out candles so that the people of the

What Goals Are We Trying to Achieve Through Sentencing? Essay

Alternative sentencing Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the recent years, use of other alternative options of sentences apart from incarceration is being advocated in United States and Canada among other countries as a way of solving the issue of congestion in prisons. Therefore, use of alternative sentencing will help in stabilizing the prison populations. Criminal sentencing should help in punishing and rehabilitating the criminal offenders so as to deter them from taking part in criminal activities again in the future. However, the prisons tend to focus more on punishing the offenders instead of rehabilitating them so as to change their behaviors. This reason has made the alternative sentencing options to be advocated so as to help in rehabilitating those offenders. Some alternative sentencing options which includes the punishments which are fairly innovative, involves requiring the offenders to stay at home under the house arrest, attending alcohol or drug treatment program, teaching cla sses or giving lectures concerning dangers of the criminal behavior, attending the weekend jail time, and installing the breathalyzer devices in personal cars, thus, ensuring that the cars only start when the offenders are not under alcohol influence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Such sentencing options have many practical implications such as reducing the populations in the prisons, cost savings and effectiveness among other implications. Religion also condemns all manner of criminal evils that are carried out by the offenders. According to the Christianity, the bible clearly explains various evils and also ways of deterring from carrying out those criminal activities. According to Matthew 15-18, it shows how God is unhappy by those who commit the criminal activities. It states that out of the heart there comes the adultery, theft, murder, slander, sexual immorality and false testimony. All these evils make a person be unclean. American society is usually perceived to be built on values of Judeo- Christian. Torah does not advocate for the prisons and therefore it perceives the alternative options of sentencing to be the ideal way of punishing and deterring the offenders from committing such criminal activities aga in. Even in the Bible the offenders even those who committed murder were not imprisoned. For instance, in the land of Israel those offenders who committed murder were usually sent to the cities of refuge not for isolation, but for atonement purposes. In conclusion, the punishments of the criminal justice system should have positive results to benefit all the involved parties comprising of the victim, perpetrator and the society in general. Imprisonment does not serve the intended functions thus it does not benefit the victims. Prisons destroys families, inhibits the potential of the offenders, breeds anger, bitterness, insensitivity and the eventual recidivism. Therefore, innovative and alternative sentencing should be adopted as a way of solving all these problems which result due to the traditional sentencing. References Lipskar, R. S. (n.d.). Issues in Jewish Ethics: A Torah Perspective on Incarceration as a Modality of Punishment and Rehabilitation. A Torah Perspective on Incarceration as a Modality of Punishment and Rehabilitation. Retrieved September 11, 2014, from https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/prison.html Miller, G. (n.d.). Why can’t God just forgive sin, instead of demanding justice?. Why can’t God just forgive sin, instead of demanding justice?. Retrieved July 4, 2005, from http://christianthinktank.com/whyjust.html Sentencing Alternatives: Prison, Probation, Fines, and Community Service | Nolo.com. (n.d.). Nolo.com. Retrieved September 11, 2014, from http://www.nolo.com/legal-encyclopedia/sentencing-alternatives-prison-probation-fines-30294.html What Goals Are We Trying to Achieve Through Sentencing? . (n.d.). Sentencing Options . Retrieved September 11, 2014, from http://www.courtsanddwi.org/mod4-faq.pdf Source document