Roderick Chisholm on freedom of the will Essay -- essays research pape

There is a lot of discussion over the issue of whether we have total opportunity of the will or if our will brought about by some different option from our own picking. There are three positions received by scholars with respect to this question: determinism, libertarianism, and compatibilism. Determinists accept that opportunity of the will doesn't exist. Since activities are occasions that have some foreordained reason, no activities can be picked and consequently there is no will to pick. The compatibilist contends that you can have both opportunity of the will and determinism. On the off chance that the causes which prompted our activities were extraordinary, at that point we could have acted in another manner which is perfect with opportunity of the will. Libertarians accept that opportunity of the will exists.      Roderick Chisholm shields Libertarianism, and in his article â€Å"Human Freedom and The Self† contends that we have opportunity of the will. Chisholm doesn't forsake causes yet rather characterizes two sorts of causation. The first is transeunt causation where one occasion or situation causes another occasion or situation. This causation depends on a connection between occasions. The second is characteristic causation where a specialist causes an occasion or situation. A specialist is an uncaused causer of occasions who isn't limited by the laws of nature. This causation depends on the connection between an operator and an occasion. Chisholm cites a section from Aristotle to exhibit his intrinsic causation, â€Å"Thus, a staff moves a...

4 Reasons Chinese Companies Ipo in America free essay sample

Reasons Chinese Companies IPO in America Why do such huge numbers of good Chinese organizations open up to the world in remote markets instead of let residential speculators share in the benefits of development? Chinese financial specialists regularly grumble concerning for what reason would â€Å"good companies†, as Tencent (0700. HK), Baidu (NASDAQ: BIDU) and Sina (NASDAQ: SINA), decide to list in the US and Hong Kong rather than on the Chinese A-shares advertise. There are four principle reasons: 1. In the event that a ‘Chinese’ organization takes remote speculation utilizing a VIE structure, it can just rundown abroad 2. Numerous organizations don’t fulfill the exacting money related guidelines for a Chinese posting 3. China’s posting process takes a significant stretch of time and not straightforward, a painful assessment contrasted and America’s rapid enrollment 4. China’s administrative offices unendingly overregulate, instead of letting the market choose 1) If a ‘Chinese’ organization takes remote speculation utilizing a VIE structure, it can just rundown abroad The center explanation is basic. These organizations aren’t at all qualified to recorded on the Chinese A-Shares Market, which limit the abroad supported undertakings harshly. To get remote venture, an incredible number of Chinese organizations set up a corporate structure called the VIE or Sina structure, since certain enterprises, for example, web information amp; administrations and monetary administrations are confined or even denied in outside financed speculation. This structure is particularly basic for innovation organizations that raise financing early and regularly, as often as possible from remote speculators. State-claimed endeavors aside, most ‘Chinese’ organizations in the US are not legitimately Chinese by any means. They’re Cayman Islands, British Virgin Islands, and so forth ompanies that control Chinese substances. Chinese controllers have raised permitting remote organizations to list on the A-Shares Market, yet at present that’s still theoretical. A concern for outside speculators is that the whole VIE structure, which to a great extent serves to go around Chinese laws excepting remote possession, has beenâ called into questionâ by Chinese regulatorsâ in ongoing months. 2) Many organizations don’t satisfy the exacting budgetary guidelines for a Chinese posting In August 2005, when Baidu (NASDAQ: BIDU) recorded in US, Chinese posed this very inquiry. Allow us to audit. Baidu didn’t arrive at productivity until 2003. At the point when it opened up to the world, it had been gainful for only 2 years. The company’s benefit was just $300,000 (2. 4 million RMB) in the quarter before its IPO. This is a long way from the base IPO measures for the Chinese Small and Medium Cap A-Shares Market, where â€Å"net benefit in the ongoing 3 monetary years must be sure and the whole surpasses 30 million RMB; total income from operational exercises in the ongoing 3 financial years surpasses 50 million RMB, or total working income in the ongoing 3 financial years surpasses 300 million RMB. Baidu didn’t even satisfy the guidelines for posting on the Chinese Growth Enterprise Market: â€Å"Profitable for the past 2 years, with total net benefits of at the very least 10 million RMB and predictable growth† or â€Å"profitable in the earlier year, with net benefits of no under 5 million RMB, incomes of no under 50 million RMB, and a developmen t pace of incomes no under 30% in the course of the most recent two years. † Nor may capital be under 20 million in the year before the IPO. ) China’s posting process takes a significant stretch of time and not straightforward, aâ torturousâ examination contrasted and America’s quick enlistment Going open resembles experiencing a series of torment. In the delayed procedure of hanging tight for survey, they have not exclusively to be angry with endless vulnerabilities, yet in addition acquire significant expenses off the asset report. 4) China’s administrative offices never-endingly overregulate, instead of letting the market choose Chinese administrative offices are in reality generally worried about financial specialists. They dread that financial specialists will purchase low-quality stocks and they in this way extra no endeavors to set up exacting survey forms for IPOs. They are additionally worried about speculators losing cash in the auxiliary market and thusly set up â€Å"protection measures† like descending cutoff points and upward cutoff points and make changes in accordance with the â€Å"IPO rhythm† to balance out the optional market. In any case, these ‘good intentions’ just wind up driving everyone off track from the originalâ market expectation. The nature of organizations recorded on the A-Shares Market is a long way from agreeable, while the vast majority of the organizations with the best development potential and most significant yields to speculators list abroad. Besides, the A-Shares Market stays one of the capital markets with the biggest vacillations on the planet! The end ought to be genuinely straightforward: administrative organizations ought not and can't be considered liable for a company’s quality through an IPO audit. The operational danger of an organization doesn't move in lock step with static markers like monetary information. Administrative organizations ought not and can't be answerable for the luctuations in the optional market. Changes of the market can never be contained by up or descending cutoff points, nor can the controller viably set the â€Å"IPO musicality. † Chinese organizations will keep on posting abroad, regardless of high as can be A-Share Market valuations To be reasonable, under the intricate consideration of administrative offices, A-Shares do have their own enchantment, that is, a super financing power. Particularly in the searing Growth Enterprise Market in the course of the most recent year, PE proportions much of the time shoot up to 100x. Each and every recorded organization has been thrilled to get a greater number of assets than arranged. With such â€Å"stupid well off people† conditions, will organizations despite everything need to list in remote markets? I accept so. Again, there are numerous organizations that will never satisfy the guidelines of the A-Shares Market. For development organizations that actually urgently need reserves, even the posting edge of the Growth Companies that rundown abroad don’t need to stress that financial specialists will censure them for an expansive meaning of â€Å"misappropriation. † For them, opening up to the world isn't only a one-time IPO deal, yet in addition a maintainable financing stage. In Conclusion To summarize, the pre-IPO survey and post-IPO exchanging have made A-Shares Market an alternate biological system from outside business sectors. It is difficult to state which is better. Be that as it may, organizations themselves have inclinations. In this way, I don’t figure less organizations will list in remote markets in spite of the high valuations of A-Shares. It’s difficult to discern whether â€Å"quality Chinese companies† will allow A-Share speculators to contribute. Article by Simon Fong ( ), Founder amp; President of Snowball Finance, iChinaStock’s parent organization. The first Chinese article was distributed in the October version of The Founder.

economic change Essay Example For Students

monetary change Essay On the planet as of now the financial change was going on at a quickened speed and this affected Canada. Industrialization began a totally different upheaval in Canada. The development from agrarian residence to modern base home was starting. Additionally in this monetary change there was a move in the development of businesses in the city. Individuals worked in the city however their homes were out in the nation, so they needed to move to the city. This caused a development in the quantity of individuals living in urban communities, which implied the urban areas needed to develop. In spite of the bigger quantities of individuals coming over from agrarian too modern the proportion of ranchers to assembly line laborers was 4:1. Presently with ranchers turning out to be assembly line laborers there could be a few changes in our innovation exceptionally in the field of transportation. From the production lines began to come innovations that could support people travel quicker than their grandparents or their folks could have envisioned. The advancement of these things that are still around today would change history. The advancements were thing like trains, electrical streetcars, and bicycles. On account of these developments the urban communities had the option to move further separated so that there was more space. Individuals didn't need to rest as near their business structures. With such an excess of occurring, other thing started to improve too, for example, the ways of life. Things were starting to modernize, for example, lodging, clinical, and hygine, were getting increasingly standard throughout everyday life. Because of the industrial facilities, hygine started with increasingly clean strategies, for example, managing human waste. The can was imagined by Tomas Crapper. The toilets that Crapper brainstormed, were mass created as a result of the plants. So we can say change in economy brings extraordinary things for the nation. Despite the fact that our Economic was experiencing a wide range of changes Canada despite everything had some steadiness. We had political solidness. Canada was initially British possessed and Queen Victoria administered over Canada for a long time. Being a piece of Britain had numerous points of interest, for example, being separated of the most cemented rulers on earth. The British possessed close to 20% of earth which is distribute. England was what the United States are today. They were undoubtedly dreaded and regarded all around the globe. A weakness to being separated of Britain was that Canada needed to be its own country and not seen as only a British settlement. Canada needed to begin the quest for its patriotism which it got in the year 1876. Considerably greater dependability was that Canada and the USA were having no more wars with each other. Likewise the conclusion to bondage which came in 1833 is as yet stable even today. Indeed, even with everything transforming you can generally discover some strength. The progressions that occurred in our Social and Cultural in this time are the things that make Canada incredible. The conclusion to subjection seeks Canada and the British that year in 1833. It finished in America in 1865. Instruction becomes compulsary and all inclusive for finding a new line of work with modern realtions. Which was the gap reason we currently have such extraordinary technoigies and increment in proficiency. The country and uran move turned into a land slide at this point the proportion of factrory specialist to the ranchers was 4:1 an immediate change from the 1:4 we had not long previously and a little into the turn of the century. Still in this time ladies were considered non people until some were between 1900-1920 where that were viewed as individuals by the legislature. As of now our migration number shot far up to 2 million individuals every year. They desired a wide range of reasons, for example, over crowed spots and families being commenced their territor y. They saw banners advertisming free land in Canada so they moved here to begin once again and start their new lives as Canadians. These changes in Canada is actually what makes our country so incredible thus all around regarded far and wide.

How to Format a Book 7 Money-Sucking Book Format Mistakes to Avoid

The most effective method to Format a Book 7 Money-Sucking Book Format Mistakes to Avoid The most effective method to Format a Book: 7 Money-Sucking Book Format Mistakes to Avoid Self-publishinghas changed everything.Before, you were helpless before your distributer on how your book design looked, however today, you have power over this whole process.In reality, you have the last say over everything in your completed original copy is shown. In this manner, realizing the correct book design you need is pivotal. Furthermore, with extraordinary influence comes incredible responsibility.If youre not cautious, you may wind up with a messy and muddled original copy that an editorial manager will won't take a shot at until you clean it up.Or more regrettable, your crowd will hammer your book with negative audits since you distributed it filled with errors.An unprofessionallooking book won't just divert perusers, it will hurt your image and mark you as a beginner, influencing the deals of future books as wellas your current one.Your finished independently published book ought to pass on polished skill in all viewpoints incorporating with its book format.7 Money-Sucki ng Book Format MistakesThere are over a hundred things that can turn out badly with your book designing, and in the event that we expounded on every one of them youd be perusing from sun-up till sun-down. Be that as it may, dread not!From our experience, most writers commit similar errors when with their book format.In this article, you’re going to realize what the most well-known book arranging mistakes and how to stay away from them. By maintaining a strategic distance from these missteps, not exclusively will you have an expert looking original copy, yet youll cause the way toward structuring your book to distribute on Amazons To arouse or in print through CreateSpace a ton easier.If you have a finished composition with bungled book organizing on your hands, this article will show you how to fix it utilizing Microsoft Word.(A snappy note: its conceivable to do a considerable lot of the fixes in Google Docs, in any case, Word has a progressively exhaustive arrangement of hi ghlights, so its better to utilize that when designing your total manuscript.)NOTE: We spread everything in this blog entry and significantly more about the composition, promoting, and distributing process in our VIP Self-Publishing Program. Become familiar with it here#1 Avoid Hard Indents in Your Book FormatA hard indent is when passage spaces are made by manual utilization of the keyboard’s Tab key.Many of us figured out how to type utilizing the Tab key to make an indent toward the beginning of each section, so this can be an intense propensity to break.When it comes to book organizing, utilization of the Tab key is a no-no, in light of the fact that it brings about an indent that’s far bigger than you need.With fiction book designing, you need to have only a little indent toward the beginning of each section. On the off chance that your book is true to life, as a rule, you need to utilize square passages instead of indents, except if your book is a journal or reco rded fiction. (More on that in tip #2.) If your book is fiction, you might be considering how to make passages without the Tab key. The fix is basic: In MS Word, set the Paragraph settings to naturally make spaces for the primary line in each paragraph.This basic auto fix will make making your book design way simpler. In Word 2016, on both Mac Windows, to get the chance to Paragraph settings, click the Paragraphdialog box launcher on the Homeor Layouttab. At that point on the Indents and Spacingtab, go to the case under Special and snap on First line. You can change the size of the indent utilizing the crate to one side. On the off chance that you’re considering how large to make your indents, my recommendation is to pull your preferred book off the rack, open it up, and take a look. How huge are the passage indents?Experiment with making yours bigger or littler, printing out the page, and contrasting them with the book in your hand.But imagine a scenario where your 535-page tome has just been drafted, utilizing the feared Tab key for every single section. No compelling reason to burn down your laptop!Here’s what to do to clean it up:Use Find and Replace (Ctrl+H or Control+H or here’s how to discover it in Word 2016 on Macand on Windows.)Enter ^t in the Find (This will assist you with finding each â€Å"Tab† in the document.)Leave the Replace field blank.Hit Replace All.Going forward, set your Paragraph settings so you don’t need to expel hard indents once more. Presto!You now have an a lot prettier, simpler to-change over report through the enchantment of innovation that will make your book design significantly more expert looking.#2 Indentation versus Square ParagraphsWorks of verifiable today ordinarily don’t use space, aside from some eminent exemptions we will examine immediately. Or maybe, a mainstream book position for present day genuine is the square paragraph.What’s a square section? A square section d oesn’t have space on the initial line, yet rather utilizes a level line of void area underneath each passage. This assists with portraying the partition between sections. For example, I utilized square passages in my most recent bookPublished., which resembles this:The thinking behind whether you should utilize space versus square passages is this: in works where one idea should stream easily into the following, for example, in a novel, passage spaces are utilized with no line dispersing between paragraphs.But in books where convoluted data is being devoured, having a solitary line space between sections helps the cerebrum in preparing one snippet of data before proceeding onward to the next.Here is a model from a fiction novel, The Saviors Champion by full-time, independently published writer Jenna Moreci of what it resembles to utilize indents rather than square paragraphs:An exemption to the square passage for true to life/indents for fiction guideline:non-fiction narrativ es,such as a memoiror authentic fiction, should utilize a similar indent style depicted above in tip #1.In true to life works where some data should stream, and different areas require more mental ability to understand, a few writers choose to blend arranging types and use space where suitable and square passages where useful.But as a rule, to abstain from befuddling the peruser and to make your book look uniform, clean, and as though you didn’t make a book organizing blunder, it’s best to pick one style or the other and stick with it all through your book.However, on the off chance that you demand getting insane and blending it up, knowing how andwhen to utilize square paragraphsversus when to indent brings about a progressively proficient manuscript.#3 Avoid Double Spaces After PeriodsHere’s reality: Two spaces after a period iswrong. That is all. (Ha!) Just similarly as with classic Tab key indent, two spaces after a period may have been the standard back whe n you were figuring out how to type.This is on the grounds that, with typewriters, characters were no different width, so the two-space rule considered more prominent intelligibility. With present day PC textual styles, the characters all fit nearer together in a corresponding manner, in this way killing the requirement for that one extra space.Most significant style guides-including theChicago Manual of Style, which is utilized by conventional distributers currently officially perceive the more current single-space rule.From a feel point, one space looks neater, which your readers’ eyes will appreciate. Before you convert your composition, change every twofold space to single spaces. The outcome will be a superior organized, elaborately right book.You’re going to utilize that overly convenient â€Å"Find and Replace† work again:Enter two spaces in the Find (This will assist you with finding each twofold space in the document.)Enter a solitary space into the Rep lace field.Hit Replace All.Voila! Like magic.#4 Be Cautious with HyphensImproper hyphenation is a typical blunder that might be more earnestly to keep steady over in light of the fact that the guidelines of hyphenation vary contingent upon the syntactic situation.So with regards to your book design, youll need to do some research.Generally, remember these three principles while you compose so youll need to accomplish less work when its time for book formatting:Two or more words that, together, work as a modifier are gotten together with a hyphen. For instance, dull pink skirt or two-way street.Two words or more that structure a number are gotten together with a hyphen. For instance, twenty-one.Compound words, which are two words that are combined to make a solitary word, donotrequire a hyphen. For instance, toothbrush or starfish.Two or progressively separate words that are utilized as a solitary word or thought. For instance, activity snatching, first rate, or bigger than-life.When in question, find it! For an increasingly nitty gritty treatment of the hyphen, here is a significant source to consider:Elements of Style.#5 Know When to Use Quotes versus an ApostropheFew things shout â€Å"new writer† like a book designed with accentuation mistakes. You need to ensure you’re usingquotes and apostrophescorrectly so you don’t lose validity with your readers.When to utilize cites in your book format:When you’re citing somebody, use cites! This implies either an individual is talking like in fiction-or you are acquiring material verbatim from another source, as in non-fiction.Use of statements is once in a while required for basic expressions.Ironic terms can be set off in quotes.Overuse of statements can get irritating, so be reasonable in their application.When to utilize apostrophes:Use a punctuation for possessive structure (with the exception of the word its.) For instance: The cat’s toys are blue.Use a punctuation for constri ctions, all things being equal. For instance: The cat’s playing with its toys. It’s a glad cat.Avoid utilizing a punctuation for plural structures. For instance: Five felines ran past her.Again, the principles can be convoluted, for example, when to utilize a punctuation when managing an abbreviation, so when in doubt,look it up.#6 Be Careful When Using the Enter KeyThere are commonly in your book youll need to go to another page or to make a clear page.This is basic right? Hit enter a couple of times, and voila, youve got another page.Wrong.Using section breaks, or hitting enter to make another

Can You Trust Eyewitness Testimony

Can You Trust Eyewitness Testimony Basics Print Can You Trust Eyewitness Testimony? By Amy Morin, LCSW facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our editorial policy Amy Morin, LCSW Updated on March 11, 2019 More in Psychology Basics Psychotherapy Student Resources History and Biographies Theories Phobias Emotions Sleep and Dreaming In This Article Table of Contents Expand Definition Wrongful Convictions Mistaken Identity Can Eyewitness Testimony Work? How Questions Are Worded Poor Eyesight Cross-Race Effect Witness Bias Memories Contamination Stress Suspect Lineups View All Back To Top Imagine being convicted of a crime you didn’t commit because an eyewitness insisted that they saw you do it. As an innocent person, you might wonder how such a thing could possibly happen. Is the eyewitness lying? Or just a case of mistaken identity? Or, what if you witnessed a crime and pointed out the suspect in a photo lineup to the police. Can you be 100 percent certain that the individual you think committed the crime is actually the perpetrator? What if you later learned that the person you identified actually had nothing to do with the crime? Illustration by Brianna Gilmartin, Verywell Definition Eyewitness testimony can be complicated. In a legal sense, eyewitness testimony refers to an individual giving an account of an event they witnessed. It usually refers to a victim or bystander who is describing what they observed during a specific event under investigation, such as a robbery, accident or murder. Eyewitness testimony is critical to the justice system. When legal teams are able to present an eyewitness who can say, “I saw that individual committing the crime,” jurors are often compelled to believe them. Many convictions rest almost entirely on the word of an eyewitness. But there’s a big problem with eyewitness testimonyâ€"it can be inaccurate. And unfortunately, it can lead to wrongful convictions. While some research says eyewitness testimony is reliable, other studies have found problems with eyewitness’ ability to accurately recount the facts. Wrongful Convictions Whether an eyewitness saw a car speeding down the street just seconds after a crime was committed, or they were standing inside of a store when it was robbed, eyewitnesses are often the first resource police turn to when they need to gain information about a crime. Eyewitnesses may be asked to identify the suspect in a lineup, or they may be asked to give a description so a sketch artist can complete a composite drawing. Eyewitnesses often appear in court. Their statements play a vital role in securing criminal convictions. Police surveys show that eyewitness testimony is the main form of evidence in more than 20 percent of cases. Jurors tend to believe eyewitnesses. But studies show that many eyewitnesses are incorrect. According to the Innocence Project, 362 convictions have been overturned since 1989 after DNA evidence became available. Eyewitness testimony played a role in 70 percent of those wrongful convictions. Mistaken Identity One of the most famous cases of inaccurate eyewitness testimony involved Jennifer Thompson. In 1984, she was raped in her home in North Carolina. She was able to break free from her assailant and run to a nearby home. Another woman in her neighborhood was raped around the same time. Police believed the same man committed both rapes. Jennifer helped with the creation of a composite sketch of the rapist. Police developed a set of suspects and created a lineup. Thompson identified Ronald Cotton in the six-person photograph lineup. She later chose Cotton again in a live lineup stating, “This looks the most like him.” Ronald Cotton was charged and convicted of the rapes. He was sentenced to life in prison, plus 54 years. Thompson’s identification of him was the biggest factor in determining his guilt. After serving more than 10 years in prison, Cotton was exonerated. DNA testing determined that Cotton was not the perpetrator. The case became a go-to example of how eyewitness testimony can be unreliable. Yet, it’s often believed by jurors or judges who are tasked with determining a perpetrator’s guilt. Can Eyewitness Testimony Work? Despite clear examples of eyewitnesses pointing out the wrong person, some researchers insist you should trust eyewitness testimonyâ€"as long as law enforcement is careful about the way they elicit and respond to information. The Importance of Immediacy The authors of a 2018 study concluded, “Eyewitnesses typically provide reliable evidence on an initial, uncontaminated memory test, and this is true even for most of the wrongful convictions that were later reversed by DNA evidence.” The researchers argue that eyewitnesses are usually correct immediately after a crime. But the process of interviewing and questioning eyewitnesses contaminates their memories and may lead to wrongful convictions. The more times an eyewitness is questioned, the more likely their memories are to be contaminated. Being asked leading questions, hearing more information about a case from media or other witnesses, or simply relaying the story many times can influence an individual’s memory. The Role of Law Enforcement Rather than say “I don’t know” when asked a question, eager witnesses may attempt to fill in the blanks if they feel pressured by law enforcement to offer more information. Their expectations about what they thought should happen may also influence their memories about what actually happened. As research emerged about the unreliability of eyewitness testimonyâ€"and more DNA evidence revealed people who were wrongly convictedâ€"a task force was created in the United States. The task force was made up of a panel of experts who were asked to create guidelines that would help law enforcement ensure that eye witnesses are not pressured, unconsciously encouraged, or persuaded into giving false statements. In 1999, the Department of Justice produced a guide book for law enforcement that outlines the correct way to interview and interact with eyewitnesses. The guidebook outlines the factors that affect eyewitnesses and the strategies law enforcement officials can use to collect the most accurate information. How Questions Are Worded Eyewitness testimony isn’t always about picking out a perpetrator. Sometimes, eyewitnesses are asked about the facts of a case. And the words investigators use to gather the facts makes a big difference. Verb Use In a classic experiment in 1974, researchers showed students seven videos of traffic accidents. The videos ranged in duration from 5 to 30 seconds. After watching each accident, the students were asked to describe what they’d witnessed. They were asked specific questions such as, “About how fast were the cars going when they (smashed/collided, bumped/hit/contacted) each other? The estimated speed was affected by the verb used to ask the question. When the word “contact” was used, students estimated much slower speeds than when the words “collided” or “smashed” were used. The researchers concluded that the words police officers use influence eyewitness testimony. Invented Details In another experiment, the researchers showed a one minute film that included four seconds of a multiple vehicle traffic accident. Then, the students were questioned about the accident. Some students were asked, “How fast were the cars going when they hit each other?” Other students were asked “How fast were the cars going when they smashed into one another?” One week later, the students were asked whether they had seen any broken glass. Participants who had been asked how fast the cars were going when they smashed into each other were more likely to report seeing broken glass (even though there wasn’t any). Poor Eyesight Eyewitnesses often don’t have a good view of the event. Darkness, poor eyesight, an obstructed view, and long distance may be factors in a witness’ ability to accurately recall events. But, eyewitnesses often want to be helpful. They may fill in the blanks with information or offer information they are uncertain about in an effort to help solve a case. Cross-Race Effect Studies consistently show that everyone has difficulty recognizing individuals from other racial or ethnic groups. It can be especially difficult for people in a majority population group. Researchers have found that people struggle to discriminate among faces that don’t resemble their faces. About 4 in 10 cases where individuals were exonerated for their crimes through DNA evidence involved cross-race misidentifications. Witness Bias Eyewitnesses have preconceived notions about the type of people who commit certain crimes. Consequently, their bias affects how much information they retain about a suspect. A 2013 study found that witnesses overwhelmingly remembered black suspects’ faces incorrectly when they witnessed crimes that are typically associated with black males, such as drive-by shootings. The eyewitness remembered black suspect’s faces much more accurately when they witnessed a crime that is usually associated with other races, such as serial killings. Another study found that witnesses tend to pair the worst crimes with people with darker skin. A 2016 study called “The Bad is Black Effect” found that when participants were asked to identify perpetrators of crimes, they were more likely to choose darker skinned people when the crimes were more heinous. For less serious crimes, they pointed out lighter skinned individuals. Memories Contamination Eyewitness memories can also be malleable; 86 percent of real eyewitnesses claim to have spoken with other eyewitnesses before speaking to law enforcement. These conversations can lead to “co-witness conformity.” When a fellow eyewitness shares something he saw, others might be inclined to say they saw it too even if they didn’t. Or, witnesses who aren’t sure what they saw may be susceptible to suggestions about what others say they witnessed. Memory decay can also be a problem. Months or years can pass before a case goes to trial, and memories fade over time. Stress The stress and trauma of being victimized or witnessing a crime can also influence an eye witness’ ability to recount the details. This can be especially true if a weapon was used. It’s common for witnesses to become focused on the weapon as opposed to the individual yielding the weapon. Studies have found that many victims or bystanders are able to accurately describe a gun or knife in great detail while having little knowledge of what the perpetrator looked like. How Stress Affects Your Memory Suspect Lineups In the United States, eyewitnesses are given a photo lineup and asked if they can identify the perpetrator among the pictures. Sometimes, live lineups are used where eyewitnesses view several people standing in a line (usually through a one-way window) and state whether the perpetrator they saw is present. Less often, a single photograph is shown to an eyewitness and asked, “Is this the perpetrator?” Single photos are said to get less accurate results as compared to lineups. Eyewitnesses sometimes choose the individual that best matches their memory of the perpetrator. It may lead to an increased likelihood of choosing an innocent suspect who happens to be a close match. In a popular experiment, psychologists Ray Malpass, PhD and Patricia Devine, PhD staged a crime in the middle of a college lecture. A male actor posed as a vandal who entered the lecture hall, exchanged heated words with the instructor and knocked over a rack of machines. The audience was then asked to identify the vandal in a lineup. The researchers found that the accuracy of the witnesses’ identifications depended on the instructions the researchers gave them. One group was told they had to choose among the suspects in the lineup while the other group was given the message that they did not have to make a choice. The suspect was only included in the lineup half the time. The researchers found that telling participants they didn’t have to choose a suspect led to fewer false identifications. More importantly, that instruction did not hinder witnesses’ ability to make a correct identification. The feedback a witness is given also makes a difference. Studies show when law enforcement officials confirm a witnesses choice in a lineup, the witness’s confidence they picked the right person is inflated. If, however, feedback suggests the witness didn’t pick the “correct” suspect, the witnesses confidence wanes, which can affect future court testimony. A Word From Verywell Eyewitness testimony can be quite reliable under the right circumstances. But, it’s important to examine how witnesses were questioned, how law enforcement responded to their answers, and whether they were influenced by anyone around them. It may be helpful for jurors and legal representatives to be made aware of the factors that influence whether they can trust eyewitness testimony. The Psychology of Forgetting and Why Memory Fails

Actualization Interpretation Abraham Maslow Carl Rogers - 1650 Words

Actualization: Interpretation Abraham Maslow Carl Rogers (Case Study Sample) Content: Self-ActualizationFranklin OBannonAshford UniversitySelf-ActualizationIntroductionThe Theory of Self-actualization brings forth an important theory or concept that emanated from the Humanistic psychological concept which was a method generated by Abraham Maslow. According to Maslow, self-actualization signifies the development of a person to the highest attainable level of fulfillment of the current greatest needs, especially about life. Carl Rogers is also involved in the creation of humanistic psychological concepts (Patrick, 2014). Based on Rogerss theory, he focuses on creating a lasting impact on the growth potential which has the target of ascertaining the integration between real self alongside ideal self, having an outcome of developing and molding the fully functioning person. Maslow developed a psychological hierarchy of the needs that are essential for the fulfillment which leads to satisfaction based on the needs high on the hierarchy chain (Patrick, 2014) .Abraham Maslow TheoryHierarchy chain created my Maslow depicts a straight forward pattern showing the growth in a representation of a pyramid where the greatest needs are at the peak. Also, Maslow suggests in his article how individuals who are self-actualizing have the capability to decide dichotomies, for instance, the ones reflected when you consider the ultimate different to free willpower and determinism. Also, he suggests self-actualizes are persons who are very creative and can be found to be psychologically vigorous in nature and their daily operations. It supports the positive psychology theory of the wise man since the depiction of self-actualized persons is that if high intellectual capability (Lau, et al.,2015). Maslow self-actualization hierarchy describes several different ways: physiological wants which include the basic needs of a fully functioning person which are food, good and peaceful sleep and clean, fresh air: there is the need for security and guaranteed secu rity for any fully functioning person. The need for the safety becomes of grave concern in situations of societal and political unpredictability: there are needs for positivity in boosting the morale of a fully functioning person. Factors such as self-esteem and respect, healthy and positive thinking are qualities that are desirable in a person (Lau, et al., 2015).In the current dispensation, we can look back and observe the famous person who has made a positive and significant impact about self-actualization. Individuals such as Mahatma Gandhi of India, Nelson Mandela of Africa and Viktor Frankl is as actual examples who were able to humanize a truth of self-actualization. From the example of the life of Mahatma Gandhi, we can observe the way he risked his wellbeing and practiced civil disobedience for the sake of liberty of his native community. Viktor being a Holocaust survivor, he never at any point in time relinquishes his grasp of the meaning life gave unto him. As for Nelson Mandela, one can observe how he never lost the approach to the sense of life during the hard times when he gets detained. It is important to note, in the above cases the safety of all the three individuals was at stake because of the struggles to fight for what they believed. In many scenarios persons who find their security compromised tend to become conscious of being values. Such people tend to find the meaningfulness of life explicitly due to the situations of danger upon their lives. In the case, the situation of life-threatening circumstances mainly brings about the contradiction of life and death (Hanna, et al.,2017).Challenges to Maslows Theory on Self-ActualizationFrom the above reference of self-actualization by Maslow, he describes them as persons considered to be very creative with to notch experiences. He finds self-actualizes to be individuals who have the capability to resolve oppositions that are conflicting with factors such as freedom and determinism the conscious and the unconscious also intentionality and lack of intentionality. Creativity is considered as a hallmark for self-actualizing persons and is perceived as wired into within a dialectical relationship. In many cases, dichotomies are difficult to understand explicitly and become resolvable, the dichotomies stated above are seen to be able to be resolved through creative activities. However, several concepts which need consideration in the process such as one of the aspects of the individual dichotomies which can further show as a thesis and the other as an antithesis, art represented as the synthesis belonging to the dichotomous connection (Teja, et al., 2013).Self-actualization through the use of art can is perceived to enhance the psychological well-being of any individual. From the interpretation of art, when one considers the part of both the audience I relation to the artist, it becomes an explicit avenue reflecting towards self-realization probably of the personal and independe nt nature which is self-realization: having in mind self-realization is self-actualization. Preferences have always suggested the most functional persons are considered to have the ability to attain being values, determination of dichotomies, top notch experiences and contain a sense in this life (Teja, et al., 2013).Carl Rogers TheoryAlongside Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers is also considered to be among the most recognizable founding associates of the humanist movement. According to Rogers, Humanistic psychology focuses broadly on the active role of an individual in line with determining their inner and outside worlds. According to the suggestions by Rogers, his success came about through insisting on the points that a human being is considered a dynamic, creative, undergoing being who is well-thought-out to reside in the current and individually responds to current awareness, associations, and encounters (Gouveia, et al., 2014). Through the use of individual-centered counseling and scientific therapy study, Rogers put together his theory regarding personality growth which brought to light the free will and the enormous reservoir of humankind capability of goodness. Rogers over the years became suspicious over the existing concepts of personality considering how his perspective of the human situation relied upon the perceptual certainty of the person. During this change, Rogers was able to alter the ideology of a therapist viewed as an expert having knowledge (Mahoney, et al., 2014).According to Rogers, he believed that every human being had the ability to thrive provided he was in the right environment. Based on this, it was in his view that the job of a therapist in such a situation is to provide the patient with the favorable conditions to enable the person to connect with his mental ability. Rogers referred to this as actualizing tendency. Actualizing tendency became the driving motive for Rogerss theory of the human person. The actualizing tendency of a pe rson tends to survive even in an individual considered to suffer from mental issues. Parts of the organisms of a person may tend to work against the actualizing tendency especially the standard components such as self. Rogers identified the existence of the real self which implies to the person that exists when we find ourselves feeling comfortable in our surroundings, and with our actualizing tendency, ideal self-considered as the self we would like to become. He identified the babies born lack the awareness of self; however, as a person grows in age, they tend to develop the need to be recognized positively mostly in the part of self. Over the years individuals have continued to be overcome by the prevailing conditions of loss of their organismic intellect or real self.Challenges to Rogers Theory on Self-ActualizationBased on the finding by Rogers, a fully functioning person is considered to have frankness to experiences and all these experiences to be accessible to awareness. The self-structure of such person is consistent with experience and fluid and changing consistently wi...

Uniform Code Of Military Justice - 1513 Words

Uniform Code of Military Justice The purpose of this paper is to research the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ) and related policies. This examination seeks to explore the various aspects UCMJ by looking into the elements of the Uniform Code of Military Justice and by addressing the following: 1. Uniform Code of Military Justice 2. Non Judicial Punishment 3. Three types of court martial 4. Different types of discharges Understanding the needs of military families and the need to provide for each and every one of our service members includes researching the lifestyle and realities of the military culture. The Uniform Code of Military Justice is in effect the governing legal system for those serving in the military and understanding†¦show more content†¦The punitive articles of the UCMJ outline specific offenses which, â€Å" if violated, can result in punishment by court-martial and can include offenses such as desertion, conspiracy, aiding the enemy, spies, murder, sexual assault, stalking, larceny, and forgery amongst other crimes†(Powers, 2014, p. 3). There is usually a judge, but at times there is a panel (jury). â€Å"The code provides for the selection of the jury by the convening authority and usually consists of officers: only by written request by an enlisted defendant will enlisted personnel be assigned to served on court-martial, and even then he is only guaranteed that one-third of the court member will be enlisted personnel†(Moran, III, 2002). The jury then has the power to place a sentence within the range of severe to no punishment given, â€Å"except when a mandatory minimum sentence is required by the UCMJ† (Schmid, 2011). There is not a lot of instruction that is given out to those adjudicating the case, however, â€Å"The panel is instructed that the five reasons for sentencing are rehabilitation, punishment, protection of the wrongdoer and those who know of his crimes and his sentence from committing the same or similar offenses†(Schmid, 2011). Court Martial Courts-martial have exclusive jurisdiction over purely military offenses. In the case of an offense that violates the Uniform Code of Military Justice and the criminal law of a State, other Federal law, or all three, it must be determined which